ETC5512

Wild Caught Data

Lecturer: Kate Saunders

Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics


  • ETC5512.Clayton-x@monash.edu
  • Lecture 1
  • <a href=“wcd.numbat.space”>wcd.numbat.space


Today’s lecture

What we’ll cover:

  • Unit overview and details

  • An Introduction to Open Data

    • Societal importance of open data

    • What makes high quality open data

    • Learn about the different types of open data

  • Getting you set up in R (Drop In Session)

Teaching Team

About your Lecturer

Kate Saunders

Lecturer at Monash University

  • 👨‍🎓 PhD in Statistics

  • 🌍 Home State is Queensland

  • 👨‍💻 Research is in statistics of climate extremes

  • 👩‍💻 Passionate about open data, data visualisation and data ethics

  • 👨‍💻 Started R coding in 2012 (before tidyverse!)

  • ❤️ Hobby is playing basketball.

About your Instructor

Krisanat Anukarnsakulchularp

PhD Candidate at Monash University

  • 👨‍🎓 Graduated in Masters in Business Analytics

  • 🎓 Monash local since undergrad

  • 🌎 Home Country is Thailand

  • 👩‍💻 Just started his PhD, he’s researching network visualisation

  • 👩‍💻 Recently published an R package called animbook!

  • ❤️ Hobby is playing music.

About your Instructor

Maliny Po

Graduated in Masters in Business Analytics

  • 🎓 Undergraduate degree in International Trade and Business Logistics.

  • 👨‍💻 Former Student in Wild Caught Data.

  • 👩‍💻 Recently published a data viz package called Sugarglider, as part of the Google Summer of Code program.

  • ❤️ Enjoys reading books, lego and a good cup of coffee.

Let’s Get to Know Each Other!

Breakout Sesson: Your turn 📝

  • What was your undergraduate degree in?
  • What’s your profession or profession you are interested to get in?
  • What’s your hobby?
  • What’s a fun fact you want everyone to know (about you)?
  • If you could work with any data set what would it be?

Quick tip

Finding connections with your classmates now can lead to great project collaborations later!

Unit Details

About the unit

Unit Design

  • 2 hours of seminars each week

  • 1 hour tutorial each week

  • Expect ~12 hours of contact and study each week

  • We are learning to code. You will need to keep up with the material.

  • Coming to classes and consultations will help you!

  • There is also a drop in and practice session!

Learning Objectives

At the end of this unit you will be able to:

  1. Understand the definitions, allowed usage, digital identification and licensing of open data

  2. Know about common open data sources, how they are used and effectively search for new sources

  3. Explain the differences between data collection methods and the limitations for data analysis

  4. Work with the range of different data formats of open data, including APIs

  5. Understand ethical constraints and privacy limits when working with open data

  6. Recognise the components of effective curation needed for open data.

Drop In Sessions

NEW: Drop in and Practice Session

  • We’ll use these to flesh out ideas from lectures

  • These will be recorded

  • The format will change week to week depending on unit needs.

  • Sometimes I’ll run through examples and live code.

  • Sometimes I’ll answer your questions.

  • Sometimes I’ll run through topics to supplement your learning.

  • Email me through each week questions you’d like me to work through!

Assessments

Assignments

  • 4 assignments worth 25% each

  • 100% of your total grade

  • Assignment 1 will cover content from weeks 1 to 3 (Due week 4)

  • Assignment 2 will cover content from weeks 4 to 6 (Due week 7)

  • Assignment 3 will cover content from weeks 7 to 9 (Due week 10)

  • Assignment 4 will cover content from weeks 1 to 12 (Due in exam block)

  • You’ll get at least 2 weeks to complete each assignment.

Warning

  • Failure to submit and notify the CE accordingly will result in a zero score for the assignment.

  • If you miss more than one assignment you will need to re-take the unit at a later date.

Assessments

Special Consideration

  • Apply for special consideration centrally. (This includes short extensions of 48 hours)

  • If you need special consideration, apply ASAP and no later than 11.55 pm on the day your assessment is due.

  • You can miss an assignment through illness, or personal difficulty. In that instance, provided you’ve applied for special consideration, I can grant permission to complete a replacement assignment instead at a later date.

Unit Resources



Two Locations

  • Unit Website: Everything is displayed on the same page and is easy to access

  • Moodle: Where you submit your assignments, the discussion forum is located and I’ll make unit announcements.

  • Unit Github: Contains all the code, data etc to produce the unit content and website.

Getting Help

Where to go if you need help

1. Ask your peers using the discussion forum

Suitable for:

  • General questions about course materials, tutorials, R or assignment clarifications.

  • Any emails regarding general matters will be redirected to the discussion forums.

  • Sharing helps you learn from each other!

  • Also I don’t want to answer the same question twice (three times, four times etc.)

  • Do not post code from your assignments or any assignment hints to the discussion portal. I may deduct marks

Where else to go if you need help

2. Attend Consultation

Suitable for:

  • When you need more specific one-on-one help

  • Working through problems with your tutor

  • Getting a head start on your assignments

  • Support debugging your code

  • Asking detailed questions about your assignments

  • Getting additional feedback on your assessments

  • Being really nerdy about the unit!

For personal and urgent inqueries

Unit Email

Suitable for:

  • For personal questions or issues email ETC5512.Clayton-x@monash.edu.

  • Response times are within 1 - 2 days but may vary during busy periods.

  • Also email if you notice issues with assessments or Moodle.

  • For remarking or to get feedback on your assessment from your tutor, your must email within 10 days of receiving your marks.

  • Do not direct emails to my staff account, I receive a high volume of high volume of emails and they risk going into a black hole and never being seen again!

Unit Philosophy

Raw Ingredients or Final Product?

Think about this unit in the way Dr Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel describes in this talk: “Let them eat cake (first)”


Imagine you’re new to baking, and you’re in a baking class.


There are two options: which gives you better sense of the final product?

The Cooking Analogy

The Textbook Learner

  • Studies cuisine history and science first
  • Memorises ingredients and properties
  • Learns techniques one at a time
  • Reads recipes multiple times before attempting
  • Measures everything precisely
  • Understands the chemistry
  • Follows instructions to the letter

The Example Learner

  • Watches experienced cooks in action
  • Jumps in and recreates dishes they’ve seen
  • Learns through trial and error
  • Focuses on outcome rather than process
  • Builds intuition through observation
  • Develops “feel” through practice
  • Adapts recipes based on experience

How Do You Learn Best?

Breakout Discussion

  • Which approach feels more natural to you?

  • What are the advantages of each?

  • When might one approach work better than the other?

  • How can understanding your learning style help you succeed?

Unit Philosophy


Cakes and Case Studies

  • The case studies you will see in this unit are the cakes.

  • By showing you what these case studies look like (cakes), we are helping you learn how to perform your own data analysis studies by example!

  • This may be different to how you’ve learnt in the past.

  • Please approach this unit philosophy with openness.

  • And for textbook learners: Check out the textbook R for data science

Open Data

Open Data is …



Open data is … 1

  • a raw material for the digital age but,

  • it’s unlike coal, timber or diamonds,

  • it can be used by anyone and everyone at the same time.

From the Open Data Institute


Open Data Institute - Dave Tarrant - EDP Module 1 from Open Data Institute on Vimeo.

What makes data open?

Important

Open data is measured by what it can be used for, not by how it is made available.

Open Data Considerations

  • Use limitations: No limitations that prevent particular uses.

  • Use limitations: Anyone free to use, modify, combine and share, even commercially.

  • Data cost: Free to use does not mean that it must be free to access.

  • Data cost: Cost to creating, maintaining and publishing usable data.

  • Data cost: Live data and big data can incur ongoing costs.

  • Reuse: Free to use, reuse and redistribute it - even commercially.

Definition open data

Important

Open data can be freely used, modified, and shared by anyone for any purpose

Two types of data openness:

  • The data must be legally open, which means they must be placed in the public domain or under liberal terms of use with minimal restrictions.

  • The data must be technically open, which means they must be published in electronic formats that are machine readable and non-proprietary, so that anyone can access and use the data using common, freely available software tools. Data must also be publicly available and accessible on a public server, without password or firewall restrictions. 1

Concept Check



Pop Quiz! ❤️

Try the quizzes here

Why do we need open data?

Important

Help make governments more transparent.

  • Open data allowed citizens in Canada to save the government billions in fraudulent charitable donations

Building new business opportunities

  • Transport for London has released open data that developers have used to build over 800 transport apps.

Protecting the planet

  • Open data can supoort early warning systems for environmental disasters
  • Open data is also helping consumers to understand their personal impacts on the environment

Resource

Open data from large organisations

Globally

  • http://dataportals.org/search
  • http://data.un.org/
  • https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/
  • https://data.gov/ (US)
  • https://opendataimpactmap.org/eap (EAP)

Australian governement examples:

  • http://www.data.gov.au/
  • https://www.data.vic.gov.au/
  • https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/

Why license open data?

Important

  • Licences tells people how they can access, use and share data.

Licenses

  • Without a licence, users may find themselves in a legal grey area. Data may be ‘publicly available’, but users may not have permission to access, use and share it under general copyright or database laws.

  • An open data licence is an explicit permission to use the data for both commercial and non-commercial purposes.

  • Open data publishers should provide easy access to the licence for all datasets that are available to access, use and share.

  • Organisations and governments use Open Data licenses to clearly explain the conditions under which their data may be used.

Open data licenses

TLDR

Many licenses include both a summary version, intended to convey the most important concepts to all users, and a detailed version that provides the complete legal foundation.

Examples include

  • Standard re-usable license: consistent and broadly recognized terms of use
    • Creative Commons, particularly CC-By and CC0 https://creativecommons.org/
    • Open Database License https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/
  • Bespoke licenses: governments and international organizations developed
    • UK Open Government License http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
    • The World Bank Terms of Use https://data.worldbank.org/summary-terms-of-use

Quick comment

Licence type

  • Standard licenses can offer several advantages over bespoke licenses.

  • Standard licences have greater recognition among users, increased interoperability, and greater ease of compliance.

Concept Check



Pop Quiz! ❤️

Try the quizzes here

Metadata: data about data

Information components

  • Source
  • Structure
  • Underlying methodology
  • Topical
  • Geographic and/or temporal coverage
  • License
  • When it was last updated
  • How it is maintained

Standards frameworks

Examples from Canadian government

Example datasets

Key metadata elements

  • Title: what data contains and where it comes from
  • Description: details to quickly understand relevance
  • Publisher: who originated and maintains the dataset
  • License: terms of use
  • Contact information: for questions or clarification
  • Frequency: interval data is updated
  • Date modified: last update timestamp
  • Spatial coverage: relevant geographic area
  • Temporal coverage: time period covered
  • Open data formats: available file formats

Machine Readable

Warning

‘machine readable’ is not synonymous with ‘digitally accessible’

Historical efforts have focused on: - pushing static information about government programs and services to the web, - where the intended use is a human who can read, print, and take actions based on reading. - It’s a narrow vision of the expected users and uses of the information.

Machine Readable

Machine Readable

  • Machine readable formats expand field of vision to new users and new uses and require technologies like XML and JSON
    • 😿 PDF is not suitably machine readable
    • 😀 CSV (or XLSX, XLS) is common, and universally accessible, but should be structured for analysis not for reading
    • 😸 XML, JSON is verbose, can contain metadata, but needs special readers
    • 🤩 API provides an interface that other software can utilise to automatically extract and process

Five star open data scheme

5 ⭐ ratings:

This web site 5 ⭐: Open Data at provides a rating system for deploying open data.

  • ⭐ An open license.
    Make your stuff available on the Web (whatever format) under an open license

  • ⭐, ⭐ Re-usable format.
    Make it available as structured data (e.g., A proprietary format like excel instead of image scan of a table.)

  • ⭐, ⭐, ⭐ Open format.
    Make it available in a non-proprietary open format (e.g., CSV instead of Excel)

  • ⭐, ⭐, ⭐, ⭐ use (Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs).
    URIs help you reference your data, like a unique address and gives context to the values.

  • ⭐, ⭐, ⭐, ⭐, ⭐ Linked data
    Your data doesn’t exist in isolation. Your data links/ connects to other relevant data sets.

FAIR principles for scientific data

Learn more at fair.org

FAIR Principles

o * Findable Metadata and data should be easy to find for both humans and computers. Machine-readable metadata are essential for automatic discovery of datasets and services.

  • Accessible Once the user finds the required data, they need to know how can they accessed that data, possibly including authentication and authorisation.

  • Interoperable The data usually need to be integrated with other data. In addition, the data need to interoperate with applications or workflows for analysis, storage, and processing.

  • Reusable The ultimate goal of FAIR is to optimise the reuse of data. To achieve this, metadata and data should be well-described so that they can be replicated and/or combined in different settings.

Publishing data

Publishing Your Data

  • Research data is increasingly seen as part of the corpus of scholarly publications.

  • Publishers, funders and governments support researchers to publish their data outputs by various policies, guidelines and mandates.

  • Obtaining a Digital Object Identifier system (DOI) provides a persistent identifier, and can be used for data. Two services in Australia:

  • Many open data sets provide information on how to cite them, when used in other forms of publication.

  • See more guidelines at ARDS and ARDC.

Open data quality

Legal requirements:

  • Protect sensitive information like personal data
  • Preserve the rights of data owners
  • Promote correct use of the data

Practical requirements:

If you provide a link to the data on a website: * Update the data regularly if it changes * Commit to continue to make the data available

Technical requirements:

  • Think about the format in which the data is published
  • The structure of the data
  • The channels through which the data is available

Common pitfalls with open data

Watch out for:

  • Mixed date formats american/european
  • Multiple representations differences in abbreviations, capitalisation, spacing
  • Duplicate records
  • Redundant data
  • Mixed numerical scales
  • Spelling errors
  • Inconsistent naming
  • Missing values

What is hidden data?


Open Data Institute - Dave Tarrant - EDP Module 12 from Open Data Institute on Vimeo.

Let’s look at https://www.realestate.com.au/buy

Concept Check



Pop Quiz! ❤️

Try the quizzes here

Some more examples of open data

Note

  • Airline traffic in the USA https://www.bts.gov
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics http://stat.data.abs.gov.au
  • Australian Electoral Commission https://www.aec.gov.au
  • National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) https://www.nlsinfo.org/investigator/pages/search?s=NLSY79
  • Atlas of Living Australia https://www.ala.org.au
  • Australian bushfires from satellite hotspot remote sensing https://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ptree/registration_top.html (also see resulting analysis at https://ebsmonash.shinyapps.io/VICfire/)
  • John Hopkins Coronavirus tracking https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data
  • OECD Programme for International Student Assessment http://www.oecd.org/pisa/data/
  • Melbourne pedestrian counting system http://www.pedestrian.melbourne.vic.gov.au/

In your own time

Exercise

Look at these open data examples:

  • Consider the interface

  • Look for licensing

  • Explanations of what’s in the data

  • Metadata

Flavours of Open Data

This is Prof Di Cook’s taxonomy!




Long shelf life, highly processed

  • Convenient, but contains unhealthy ingredients, and is a bad habit
  • eg iris, mtcars, titanic, handwritten digits
  • Found at eg UCI Machine learning archive




Orphans

  • File dumped on an archive
  • Stale, could date your results
  • Found in places like https://data.gov.au

Synthetic

  • Used primarily these days for privacy protection
  • Correct up to the model used to simulate the data - misses interesting structure in data not captured by model
  • Very pretty, very consistent, but it can burn you
  • eg OECD Programme for International Student Assessment A generalised linear model is fitted to the scores, with predictors such as school, gender, … Model is used to simulate a score for each student.
  • eg Also be aware of fraud Article in the Lancet (2020)






Wild



Fresh and local

Wild-caught data

Our working definition

Wild caught data is:

  • data the can be freely used, modified, and shared by anyone for any purpose, AND

  • The data source is traceable, the data collection is transparent, and the data is updated as new measurements arrive, AND

  • In case of data processing, the process is clearly described and reproducible.

What about your favourite datasets?

Are they Wild?

  • ✅ Freely available to be used and modified

  • ✅ Can be shared

  • ✅ Data provenance is clear

  • ✅ How the data was collected is transparent

  • ✅ Data is updated as new measurements become available

  • ✅ Any processing of this data is clear

Wrap Up

Summary

Open data: definitions, sources and examples

  • Introduced you to the Open Data Fundamentals
    eg. power for societal good, where to access, limitations, licences

  • Data Quality Elements
    eg. meta data, machine readable, FAIR, five star ratings

  • Wild Caught Data Meaning
    and other flavours of open data

  • Teaching philosophy of cake first!

Drop In Slides

Learning R

Getting set up

  • By the end of this unit you’ll be performing your own analytics case studies

  • Before you can do that we need to get you set up with the software you’ll use in this unit

  • We’ll now go through the steps to install R and RStudio

  • Think about R as the engine and RStudio as the dashboard and controls.

  • We need both to drive a car.

Installing R and RStudio

We’ll open RStudio to create data visualisations using R.

Step 1: Install R

  • Got to https://www.r-project.org/
  • Click “download R”
  • Select a mirror (I use the Melbourne one)
  • Install for your operating system

Step 2: Install RStudio

  • Got to https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/ (you only need the free version)
  • Select download for your system
  • Follow the prompts to install

But Why?

Why do we need a Programming Language

  • It allows us to have reproducible steps, which can be applied for many different data sets

  • Make sure the analysis is not just point and click, you can work as a team on it on the same code

  • It also means we can more easily perform our own case studies in analytics

Why do we use R?

  • It has been around for a while.

  • It is regularly maintained and is open source.

  • It is beginner friendly

  • Even if you use other languages, you might still use R for your data visualisations

Getting Started in R

Learning a new language is hard!

  • You need to think about grammar and structure, and how to communicate well in it!

  • You will make mistakes, lots of them.

  • Below you see code that plots points showing the GDP per capita against life expectancy. The points are coloured by country and the size of the points shows the population.

  • It might look impossible now, but by the end of this semester you will be able to write this yourself!

library(tidyverse)
library(gapminder)
plot <- ggplot(data = gapminder) + 
  geom_point(aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp, size = pop, colour = country)) + 
  theme(legend.position = "none")
plot